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隨(sui)著科技(ji)的(de)(de)(de)發展自動化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)進步，在(zai)工業(ye)設備中我(wo)們常見的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)除了(le)液柱式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)計(ji)、彈(dan)性(xing)式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)表外，目前更多的(de)(de)(de)是采(cai)用(yong)可將壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成電信(xin)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)變送(song)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一般是指將變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)信(xin)號(hao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成對應(ying)(ying)變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)電阻(zu)信(xin)號(hao)或電容(rong)信(xin)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)，如(ru):壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)阻(zu)元(yuan)件(jian)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)容(rong)元(yuan)件(jian)等(deng)(deng)。同時壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)種類繁多，如(ru)電阻(zu)應(ying)(ying)變片壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、半導體應(ying)(ying)變片壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)阻(zu)式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電容(rong)式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、諧振式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)。目前應(ying)(ying)用(yong)較為(wei)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有:陶瓷壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)阻(zu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、濺(jian)射薄膜壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電容(rong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、耐(nai)高溫特性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)藍寶石壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。但應(ying)(ying)用(yong)為(wei)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)是壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)阻(zu)式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，它具有極低的(de)(de)(de)價格和(he)較高的(de)(de)(de)精度以(yi)及較好的(de)(de)(de)線性(xing)特性(xing)。

壓力(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)壓力(li)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)為電(dian)信(xin)(xin)號輸出(chu)的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)。通常傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)由兩(liang)部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)，即分(fen)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)敏(min)(min)感(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)和轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)。其中敏(min)(min)感(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)指傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)中能夠直接感(gan)(gan)(gan)受或響(xiang)應被測量(liang)的(de)部(bu)分(fen);轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)指傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)中將(jiang)敏(min)(min)感(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)受或響(xiang)應的(de)被測量(liang)的(de)應變(bian)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)成(cheng)適于(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸或測量(liang)的(de)電(dian)信(xin)(xin)號部(bu)分(fen)。由于(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)的(de)輸出(chu)信(xin)(xin)號一般很微弱，需(xu)要將(jiang)其調制與放(fang)大。集成(cheng)技(ji)術的(de)發展，促使人們又將(jiang)這部(bu)分(fen)電(dian)路及電(dian)源等電(dian)路也一起裝在傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)內部(bu)。這樣，傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)就可以輸出(chu)便于(yu)處理，傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸的(de)可用信(xin)(xin)號了(le)。在技(ji)術相對(dui)落后的(de)階段，所謂的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)指上(shang)文中的(de)敏(min)(min)感(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)，而變(bian)送(song)器(qi)就是(shi)(shi)上(shang)文中的(de)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)。

下(xia)面我們具體(ti)了解一(yi)下(xia)壓力傳感器的工作原理及應(ying)用(yong)領域。

壓阻(zu)(zu)式力傳感器(qi):電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)應(ying)變(bian)(bian)片是壓阻(zu)(zu)式應(ying)變(bian)(bian)傳感器(qi)的(de)主要組(zu)成部分之一(yi)。金屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)應(ying)變(bian)(bian)片的(de)工作原理是吸(xi)附在基體(ti)材料上應(ying)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)隨機械形變(bian)(bian)而產生(sheng)阻(zu)(zu)值變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)現象，俗稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)應(ying)變(bian)(bian)效(xiao)應(ying)。

陶(tao)瓷壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)傳感(gan)器:陶(tao)瓷壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)傳感(gan)器基于壓(ya)(ya)(ya)阻效應(ying)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)直接作用在陶(tao)瓷膜片(pian)的前表面(mian)，使(shi)(shi)膜片(pian)產(chan)(chan)生微小的形變(bian)，厚膜電(dian)阻印刷(shua)在陶(tao)瓷膜片(pian)的背面(mian)，連接成一個(ge)惠(hui)斯通電(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)，由于壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏電(dian)阻的壓(ya)(ya)(ya)阻效應(ying)，使(shi)(shi)電(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)產(chan)(chan)生一個(ge)與壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)成正(zheng)比(bi)的高度線性、與激勵(li)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)也成正(zheng)比(bi)的電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)信(xin)號，標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的信(xin)號根據(ju)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)量程(cheng)的不同(tong)標(biao)(biao)定為2.0/3.0/3.3mV/V等(deng)，可以和應(ying)變(bian)式傳感(gan)器相兼容。

擴散(san)硅壓(ya)力(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi):擴散(san)硅壓(ya)力(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)原理也是基于壓(ya)阻(zu)效(xiao)應，利用(yong)壓(ya)阻(zu)效(xiao)應原理，被測介質的(de)壓(ya)力(li)(li)直接作(zuo)用(yong)于傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)的(de)膜片上(shang)(不銹鋼或陶瓷)，使膜片產生(sheng)與介質壓(ya)力(li)(li)成正比(bi)的(de)微位移，使傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)值發生(sheng)變化，利用(yong)電(dian)子線路檢(jian)測這一變化，并轉換輸出(chu)一個對應于這一壓(ya)力(li)(li)的(de)標準測量(liang)信(xin)號。

電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)式壓(ya)力傳感(gan)器(qi):電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)式壓(ya)力傳感(gan)器(qi)是一種利用電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)作為(wei)敏感(gan)元件(jian)，將被測(ce)壓(ya)力轉換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)值改變的壓(ya)力傳感(gan)器(qi)。這種壓(ya)力傳感(gan)器(qi)一般采(cai)用圓形(xing)金屬(shu)薄(bo)膜(mo)或鍍(du)金屬(shu)薄(bo)膜(mo)作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)的一個電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)，當薄(bo)膜(mo)感(gan)受(shou)壓(ya)力而(er)變形(xing)時，薄(bo)膜(mo)與固定電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)之間形(xing)成(cheng)的電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量發生變化，通過測(ce)量電(dian)(dian)路即(ji)可輸出與電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)成(cheng)一定關系的電(dian)(dian)信號。